Harford County Maryland

A Historical Overview of Harford County, Maryland

Harford County, located in northeastern Maryland, has a rich and diverse history that spans Indigenous cultures, colonial settlements, Revolutionary War activity, industrial expansion, and modern development. Established in 1773, the county played a pivotal role in early American history, contributing to commerce, industry, and military defense. Today, Harford County is known for its scenic landscapes, historical landmarks, and economic contributions.

Pre-Colonial and Indigenous History (Before 1600s)

Before European exploration, Indigenous peoples, particularly the Susquehannock tribe, inhabited the region.

  • The Susquehannocks were a powerful Iroquoian-speaking people who controlled much of the Chesapeake Bay region.
  • They engaged in hunting, fishing, and farming, cultivating crops like corn, beans, and squash.
  • The Susquehanna River and Bush River were vital for trade and transportation.
  • By the late 1600s, the Susquehannocks had been displaced due to warfare, disease, and European colonization.

Colonial Era and the Founding of Harford County (1600s–1773)

European Settlement and Early Development

  • English settlers began arriving in the early 1600s, drawn to the region’s fertile land, waterways, and abundant natural resources.
  • Captain John Smith, the English explorer, mapped the Chesapeake Bay and encountered the Susquehannocks in 1608.
  • Early settlers established tobacco plantations and farms, using indentured servants and enslaved Africans for labor.

Harford County's Creation (1773)

  • Originally part of Baltimore County, Harford County was officially created in 1773 by the Maryland General Assembly.
  • It was named after Henry Harford, the illegitimate son of Frederick Calvert, the last Proprietary Governor of Maryland.
  • Bel Air, the county seat, was established as a central administrative and trade hub.

The American Revolution and Harford County’s Role (1775–1783)

Harford County was a stronghold of patriot support during the American Revolution.

The Bush Declaration (1775)

One of Harford County’s most significant contributions to the Revolution was the Bush Declaration, signed on March 22, 1775, in Bush, Maryland.

  • It was one of the earliest declarations of independence from British rule, preceding the Declaration of Independence (1776).
  • Local leaders pledged their support for armed resistance against British oppression.

Military and Economic Contributions

  • Many Harford County residents served in the Continental Army.
  • The county supplied food, weapons, and materials to support the war effort.

The 19th Century: Agriculture, Industry, and the Civil War (1800s–1865)

Agriculture and Economic Growth

During the early 1800s, Harford County thrived as an agricultural center, producing:

  • Tobacco, wheat, and corn
  • Dairy products and livestock

The county’s location along the Chesapeake Bay and Susquehanna River allowed for easy trade and transportation.

Industry and Transportation Expansion

  • The Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal (completed in 1840) connected Harford County to Pennsylvania and Baltimore, boosting commerce.
  • Ironworks, mills, and shipbuilding industries flourished.
  • The arrival of the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad (PW&B) in the 1830s enhanced connectivity.

Harford County in the Civil War (1861–1865)

  • Although Maryland was a border state, Harford County had both Union and Confederate sympathizers.
  • The PW&B Railroad was a vital supply line for Union troops.
  • The famous Baltimore Riot of 1861 resulted in Union troops passing through Harford County to reach Washington, D.C.
  • Some enslaved individuals in Harford County escaped via the Underground Railroad with the help of abolitionists.

Late 19th and Early 20th Century: Industrialization and Military Growth (1865–1940s)

Decline of Tobacco and Rise of Diversified Agriculture

  • After the Civil War, tobacco farming declined, and farmers switched to dairy, grains, and fruit orchards.
  • The canning industry developed, allowing local farmers to ship goods nationwide.

The Establishment of Aberdeen Proving Ground (1917)

One of the most significant events in Harford County’s modern history was the creation of Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) in 1917.

  • APG was established during World War I as a U.S. Army weapons testing facility.
  • It played a critical role in the development of military technology, artillery, and vehicles.
  • The military base led to economic growth and population increases in the county.

World War II and Post-War Expansion (1940s–1970s)

Military Contributions

  • During World War II, APG became a key center for weapons testing and innovation.
  • The base attracted thousands of workers and military personnel, leading to the growth of Aberdeen and Edgewood.

Suburbanization and Economic Changes

  • After the war, Harford County experienced suburban expansion as people moved out of Baltimore.
  • Highways like Interstate 95 (completed in the 1960s) made commuting easier.
  • The education system and infrastructure grew to accommodate the increasing population.

Modern Harford County: Growth, Preservation, and Innovation (1980s–Present)

Continued Military and Industrial Presence

  • APG remains one of the largest employers in the region, contributing to defense research and cybersecurity.
  • The county has diversified into industries such as biotechnology, logistics, and advanced manufacturing.

Preserving History and Natural Beauty

Harford County has focused on historic preservation and environmental conservation, with attractions like:

  • Historic Jerusalem Mill Village (dating back to the 1700s)
  • Ladew Topiary Gardens
  • Susquehanna State Park, which preserves early industrial sites and natural landscapes

Economic and Cultural Development

  • Harford County continues to grow as a hub for education, business, and tourism.
  • It maintains a balance between urban expansion and rural heritage, keeping its historic charm and economic vitality.

Conclusion

Harford County’s history is marked by early settlements, Revolutionary War patriotism, agricultural success, industrial expansion, and military innovation. From the signing of the Bush Declaration in 1775 to the establishment of Aberdeen Proving Ground in 1917, the county has played a crucial role in Maryland’s and the nation’s history. Today, Harford County remains a thriving blend of historical significance, military influence, and modern economic development.

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